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The (International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination ) (ICERD) is a United Nations convention. A third-generation human rights instrument, the Convention commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races.〔ICERD, Article 2.1〕 Controversially, the Convention also requires its parties to outlaw hate speech and criminalize membership in racist organizations.〔ICERD, Article 4.〕 The Convention also includes an individual complaints mechanism, effectively making it enforceable against its parties. This has led to the development of a limited jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Convention. The convention was adopted and opened for signature by the United Nations General Assembly on 21 December 1965,〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2106 (XX), 21 December 1965.〕 and entered into force on 4 January 1969. As of October 2015, it has 88 signatories and 177 parties.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination )〕 The Convention is monitored by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). == Genesis == In December 1960, following incidents of antisemitism in several parts of the world, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution condemning "all manifestations and practices of racial, religious and national hatred" as violations of the United Nations Charter and Universal Declaration of Human Rights and calling on the governments of all states to "take all necessary measures to prevent all manifestations of racial, religious and national hatred".〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1510 (XV), 12 December 1960.〕 The Economic and Social Council followed this up by drafting a resolution on "manifestations of racial prejudice and national and religious intolerance", calling on governments to educate the public against intolerance and rescind discriminatory laws.〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1779 (XVII), 7 December 1962.〕 Lack of time prevented this from being considered by the General Assembly in 1961,〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1684 (XVI), 18 December 1961.〕 but it was passed the next year.〔 During the early debate on this resolution, African nations led by the Central African Republic, Chad, Dahomey, Guinea, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Mauritania, and Upper Volta pushed for more concrete action on the issue, in the form of an international convention against racial discrimination.〔Lérner, p. 2.〕 Some nations preferred a declaration rather than a binding convention, while others wanted to deal with racial and religious intolerance in a single instrument. The eventual compromise, forced by the Arab nations' political opposition to treating religious intolerance at the same time as racial intolerance plus other nations' opinion that religious intolerance was less urgent,〔Schwelb, p. 999.〕 was for two resolutions, one calling for a declaration and draft convention aimed at eliminating racial discrimination,〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1780 (XVII), 7 December 1962.〕 the other doing the same for religious intolerance.〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1781 (XVII), 7 December 1962.〕 The draft Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination was adopted by the General Assembly on 20 November 1963.〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1904 (XVIII), 20 November 1963.〕 The same day the General Assembly called for the Economic and Social Council and the Commission on Human Rights to make the drafting of a Convention on the subject an absolute priority.〔United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1906 (XVIII), 20 November 1963.〕 The draft was completed by mid-1964,〔Lérner, p. 5.〕 but delays in the General Assembly meant that it could not be adopted that year.〔 It was finally adopted on 21 December 1965.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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